How To Be a Stoic

Epictetus (c. 55–135 CE) was a teacher and Stoic philosopher. Originally a slave from Hierapolis in Anatolia (modern Turkey), he moved to Nicopolis on the Adriatic coast of Greece after gaining his freedom and opened a school of philosophy there. His informal lectures (the Discourses) were transcribed and published by his student Arrian, who also composed a digest of Epictetus’ teaching known as the Manual (or Enchiridion). Late in life Epictetus retired from teaching, adopted an orphan child and lived out his remaining years in domestic obscurity. His influence has been deep and enduring, from Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations to the contemporary psychologist Albert Ellis, who has acknowledged his debt to Epictetus in devising the school of Rational-Emotive Behavioural Therapy.

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c.4BC - AD65) was born in Cordoba, Spain, where he was brought up studying the traditional virtues of republican Roman life. He became a teacher of rhetoric but attracted attention for his incisive style of writing.

Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD). He was a Roman emperor who ruled from 161 AD to 180 AD and is known for his Stoic philosophy and his book Meditations which is a collection of his personal reflections on life and his philosophy. He was educated in philosophy, rhetoric, and literature by some of the best teachers of his time including the famous Fronto. The writings of Epictetus, a famous Stoic philosopher greatly influenced him. His main ideology of life was to live a virtuous life and he emphasized the importance of reason, self-discipline, and moral responsibility.