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  • Published: 1 April 2009
  • ISBN: 9781845950071
  • Imprint: Pimlico
  • Format: Paperback
  • Pages: 272
  • RRP: $45.00

AD 381

Heretics, Pagans and the Christian State



A provoking - and timely - examination of one of the most important moments in Church history.

In AD 381, Theodosius, emperor of the eastern Roman empire, issued a decree in which all his subjects were required to subscribe to a belief in the Trinity of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This edict defined Christian orthodoxy and brought to an end a lively and wide-ranging debate about the nature of the Godhead; all other interpretations were now declared heretical.

Moreover, for the first time in a thousand years of Greco-Roman civilization free thought was unambiguously suppressed. Yet surprisingly this political revolution, intended to bring inner cohesion to an empire under threat from the outside, has been airbrushed from the historical record. Instead, it has been claimed that the Christian Church had reached a consensus on the Trinity which was promulgated at the Council of Constantinople in AD 381.

In this groundbreaking new book, Freeman argues that Theodosius's edict and the subsequent suppression of paganism not only brought an end to the diversity of religious and philosophical beliefs throughout the empire but created numerous theological problems for the Church, which have remained unsolved. The year AD 381, Freeman concludes, marked 'a turning point which time forgot'.

  • Published: 1 April 2009
  • ISBN: 9781845950071
  • Imprint: Pimlico
  • Format: Paperback
  • Pages: 272
  • RRP: $45.00

About the author

Charles Freeman

Charles Freeman is the author of The Greek Achievement, The Closing of the Western Mind and Egypt, Greece, Rome. He lives in Suffolk.

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Praise for AD 381

Even if theology and ancient history are subjects you avoid, you should not miss this book. It's lucidity and critical challenge are a feast for the mind

John Carey, Sunday Times

Astonishing... Breathtaking... The sad history of heresy-hunting starts here

Paul Cartledge

Freeman has a talent for narrative history and for encapsulating the more arcane disputes of ancient historians and theologians

Mary Beard, Independent